By al-Din on March 3, 2011 11:42 PM
Many have established their footholds abroad (PR,citizenship, sponsorship) - Australia, Canada, NZ, USA, UK .... They can afford to create kacau here knowing of the save haven somewhere let the devil take the hindmost. Just being throne-ridden doesn't qualify one as king of kings! That is kinkish.
The Ughurs in Xinjiang have been assimilated into China for centuries yet they are still being persecuted. China is a racist country.
For the pendatangs who don't know the Malays of Nusantara read more.
The Malays are the original people of Nusantara. DNA profiling would further help to establish the inter-connectedness of the various races, ethnics,tribes of the Malay Archipelago.
Much have been written and who's who in Nusantaran historiography (partial) is given below:
Antiquity - Ivor HN Evans, Thomas Braddell, Tom Harrisson, Wilhelm G Solheim, Paul Wheatley, Brian AV Peacock, Peter Bellwood
History - RO Winstedt, W Linehan, KG Tregoning, Frank Swettenham, Buyong Adil, Khoo Kay Kim, Muhd Yusof Ibrahim, Muhammad Yusoff Hashim, Zainal Abidin Abdul Wahid, JM Gullick, Abdullah Zakaria Ghazali, A Talib Ahmad
Culture - WE Maxwell, RJ Wilkinson, RO Winstedt, Ivor HN Evans, Hugh Clifford, Abdullah Sidek, Shamsuddin Saleh, Mohd Taib Osman, S Singaravelu, Abdul Latiff Abu Bakar, Hashim Awang, AR, Ismail Hamid, Zaharah Taha
Literature - Pramoedya Ananta Toer
Education - Za'aba, Awang Had Salleh
Islam - Haji Abdul Malik bin Abd Karim Amrullah (HAMKA),Syed Shaykh al-Hady, Wan Muhd Saghir Abdullah, Syed Muhammad Naguib al-Atas, Shafie Abu Bakar
Politics - William R Roff, Mohammad Redzuan Othman, Abdullah Zakaria Ghazali
Ethnomedicine - JD Gimlette
Orang Asli - Ivor HN Evans, JR Logan, Iskandar Carey
Melanau - George Jamuh
Iban & others - Ivor HN Evans, Benedict Sandin, Anthony JN Richards, J Derek Freeman
Sarawak - Robert Nicholl, Tom Harrisson, Nicholas Tarling, RH Reece
Brunei - William H Treacher, Robert Nicholl, Donald E Brown, Awang Mohd Jamil al-Sufri
Srivijaya - Slametmuljana
Barus - Jane Drakard
Java - Douwe A Rinkes, Merle C Ricklefs, GWJ Drewes
Acheh - Teuku Iskandar, Anthony Reid, A Hasjmy
Minangkabau - Umar Junus, RO Winstedt, Norhalim Ibrahim
Riau - Raja Ali Haji ibn Ahmad, Abu Hassan Mohd Sham
Sulawesi - Christian Pelras
Maluku - James T Collins
Philippines - Gregorio F Zaide
Moro - GF Zaide, CA Majul, Najeeb M Saleeby
Patani - Kobkua Suwannathat-Pian, Chandran Jeshrun, Nik Anuar Nik Mahmud
Campa - Po Dharma, P-B Lafont
Showing posts with label che det. Show all posts
Showing posts with label che det. Show all posts
Thursday, March 3, 2011
Wednesday, February 16, 2011
jawapan kepada nik aziz: feb 16 11
By al-Din on February 16, 2011 10:12 PM
Islam kuda tunggangan politik NA dan dia dan penyokongnya pula menjadi kuda tunggangan DAP. NA is beyond recall. Nonetheless, things need to be said and stand corrected for that is required of Muslims otherwise we are deemed as collaborators. At stake also is Malay unity and hence survival.
On Point 38: Alfarabi (Abu Nasr Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Ibn Tarkhan Ibn Awzalagh al-Farabi, b.870-d.950) widely referred as "the second teacher" ie. second after Socrates was born in Turkestan. He first studied Islamic jurisprudence and music in Bukhara, then moved to Marv to study logic with a Nestorian Christian monk, Yuhanna Ibn Haylan.
Around 905, Alfarabi left Baghdad for Byzantium to study Greek sciences and philosophy for 8 years. He was among the first to explore the tensions between the philosophy of classical Greece and that of Islam, as well as religion generally.
Alfarabi's interest in mathematics is evidenced in commentaries on the 'Elements' of Euclid and 'Almagest' of Ptolemy, as well as writings on the history and theory of music. His political writings on the 'Philosophy of Plato and Aristotle' rendered him as the founder of Islamic political philosophy. He died in Damascus.
Islam kuda tunggangan politik NA dan dia dan penyokongnya pula menjadi kuda tunggangan DAP. NA is beyond recall. Nonetheless, things need to be said and stand corrected for that is required of Muslims otherwise we are deemed as collaborators. At stake also is Malay unity and hence survival.
On Point 38: Alfarabi (Abu Nasr Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Ibn Tarkhan Ibn Awzalagh al-Farabi, b.870-d.950) widely referred as "the second teacher" ie. second after Socrates was born in Turkestan. He first studied Islamic jurisprudence and music in Bukhara, then moved to Marv to study logic with a Nestorian Christian monk, Yuhanna Ibn Haylan.
Around 905, Alfarabi left Baghdad for Byzantium to study Greek sciences and philosophy for 8 years. He was among the first to explore the tensions between the philosophy of classical Greece and that of Islam, as well as religion generally.
Alfarabi's interest in mathematics is evidenced in commentaries on the 'Elements' of Euclid and 'Almagest' of Ptolemy, as well as writings on the history and theory of music. His political writings on the 'Philosophy of Plato and Aristotle' rendered him as the founder of Islamic political philosophy. He died in Damascus.
Saturday, January 29, 2011
sejarah: jan 28 2011
By al-Din on January 29, 2011 2:35 PM
History is in the making in the Arab/Muslim world - Tunisia, Algeria, Egypt, Yemen, Albania, Sudan. For many years their leaders turned deaf ears to the needs of the people. They become arrogant. People are fed up with them. Food, justice and freedom are what they want very badly.
Mubarak has elevated himself to a pharoah. His heart is of stone to close Rafah and deny Palestinians to get supplies. Mahmoud Abbas is willing to kill his own people. Both of them are conspirators of Israel- U.S.
Let the riots be a warning to other Muslim countries Malaysia included. Ordinary people cannot achieve high income economy but want affordable food supplies. Don't let your deaf ears put this country in flame.
Muslim leaders are a sorry lot. History is in riot. The ink has not dried up yet.
History is in the making in the Arab/Muslim world - Tunisia, Algeria, Egypt, Yemen, Albania, Sudan. For many years their leaders turned deaf ears to the needs of the people. They become arrogant. People are fed up with them. Food, justice and freedom are what they want very badly.
Mubarak has elevated himself to a pharoah. His heart is of stone to close Rafah and deny Palestinians to get supplies. Mahmoud Abbas is willing to kill his own people. Both of them are conspirators of Israel- U.S.
Let the riots be a warning to other Muslim countries Malaysia included. Ordinary people cannot achieve high income economy but want affordable food supplies. Don't let your deaf ears put this country in flame.
Muslim leaders are a sorry lot. History is in riot. The ink has not dried up yet.
sejarah: jan 28 2011
By al-Din on January 28, 2011 11:32 PM
In the days of lore when men rule and make wars, their folk tales passed through the generations are thus his-story! Kill or be killed. His-story was simple, no sensitivity.
Let history be simple. Face the facts. Once doctored and adulterated it would be like watching a movie based on true story - more interesting no doubt.
It goes without saying that the winner makes the history. History books said Edmund Hilary conquered Mt Everest, the sherpa was rather an after thought. Kulup Riau was with Camerons in discovering the plateaux in the highlands of Perak-Pahang.
Are we historiophobic? We hasten to forget earlier contributions and Malaysianised street names. Jalan Speedy no more. He was the DO of Hulu Perak at one time, dressed and went round bare footed like the local. Winstedt knows about the Malays more than ourselves.
The DOs of past make history, now they destroy. Historical buildings are neglected and torne down - Cameron Highlands, Kajang, Batu Gajah, Tampin ....
In the days of lore when men rule and make wars, their folk tales passed through the generations are thus his-story! Kill or be killed. His-story was simple, no sensitivity.
Let history be simple. Face the facts. Once doctored and adulterated it would be like watching a movie based on true story - more interesting no doubt.
It goes without saying that the winner makes the history. History books said Edmund Hilary conquered Mt Everest, the sherpa was rather an after thought. Kulup Riau was with Camerons in discovering the plateaux in the highlands of Perak-Pahang.
Are we historiophobic? We hasten to forget earlier contributions and Malaysianised street names. Jalan Speedy no more. He was the DO of Hulu Perak at one time, dressed and went round bare footed like the local. Winstedt knows about the Malays more than ourselves.
The DOs of past make history, now they destroy. Historical buildings are neglected and torne down - Cameron Highlands, Kajang, Batu Gajah, Tampin ....
Thursday, January 20, 2011
censorship: jan 17 2011
By al-Din on January 18, 2011 10:53 PM
The government under Hussein Onn banned "The Malay Dilemma", this prolonged the Malays to slumber by a decade. Precious time for awakening was lost. Misjudged censorship has taken its toll. Even then someone didn't wake up and yet became PM in slumber!
Tun has been dismissed (censored) by UMNO at one stage. Despite many setbacks, to be able to persevere and continue to struggle for the sake of the nation is a mark of objectivity of a true leader.
Crooks will pry and exploit the loopholes in man-made laws. If we are vigilant enough the truth will prevail but normally damage follow suit in long overdue process of law.
The government under Hussein Onn banned "The Malay Dilemma", this prolonged the Malays to slumber by a decade. Precious time for awakening was lost. Misjudged censorship has taken its toll. Even then someone didn't wake up and yet became PM in slumber!
Tun has been dismissed (censored) by UMNO at one stage. Despite many setbacks, to be able to persevere and continue to struggle for the sake of the nation is a mark of objectivity of a true leader.
Crooks will pry and exploit the loopholes in man-made laws. If we are vigilant enough the truth will prevail but normally damage follow suit in long overdue process of law.
Thursday, January 13, 2011
Kampung Baru 2: Jan 11 2011
By al-Din on January 11, 2011 9:15 PM
Kg Baru adalah tanah reserve Melayu. Melayu dalam Tanah Melayu ada reservation? Implikasi:
1. Kolonialis melihatkan Melayu tercicir dan tersepit oleh kemajuan bangsa pendatang terpaksa memperuntukan tanah reserve untuk Melayu. Pemikiran mereka lebih jauh.
2. Dulunya Melayu (tempatan) tidak agresif keluar dari kampong meneroka tanah dan meluaskan milik. Yang banyak membuka perkampungan adalah Melayu Minang, Jawa, Mendailing dll yang berhijrah kesini. Mereka di Seberang agresif merantau/belayar hinggakan ribuan pulau ditakluki termasuk Natuna misalnya. Kita hilang Batu Putih. Ada hak tak tahu jaga!
3. Selepas Merdeka banyak estet dijual dan Cina membeli. Orang Melayu yang berupaya tidak ambil peluang langsung. Jelas perancangan kita cetek.
4. Nama saja Pejabat Tanah Melayu control, mohon tanah makan masa puluhan tahun kerana fail simpan dibawah maupun hilang. Oleh kerana terlalu ramai kecewa Melayu berperasan tidak guna mohon tanah. Tambahan "Kalau beri tanah, jual", DO kata. Siapa yang banyak menggadai tanah, tidak kerajaan negeri? Di Cameron Highlands - kaum Cina bermaharaja meratakan gunung?
Pernah saya syurkan supaya adakan lagi reserve/perkampungan Melayu di CHighlands selain daripada Taman Sedia. Sibuntu akal (Penghulu) cakap "Apa orang lain kata". Juga, disyurkan supaya tapak surau yang lebih luas disediakan di Batu 33. Sibuntu akal (ADO) "Tanah tidak ada!" Untuk agama pun tak berani inikan bangsa!
Melayu dengan tanahnya. Biarkan, biarkan.
Kg Baru adalah tanah reserve Melayu. Melayu dalam Tanah Melayu ada reservation? Implikasi:
1. Kolonialis melihatkan Melayu tercicir dan tersepit oleh kemajuan bangsa pendatang terpaksa memperuntukan tanah reserve untuk Melayu. Pemikiran mereka lebih jauh.
2. Dulunya Melayu (tempatan) tidak agresif keluar dari kampong meneroka tanah dan meluaskan milik. Yang banyak membuka perkampungan adalah Melayu Minang, Jawa, Mendailing dll yang berhijrah kesini. Mereka di Seberang agresif merantau/belayar hinggakan ribuan pulau ditakluki termasuk Natuna misalnya. Kita hilang Batu Putih. Ada hak tak tahu jaga!
3. Selepas Merdeka banyak estet dijual dan Cina membeli. Orang Melayu yang berupaya tidak ambil peluang langsung. Jelas perancangan kita cetek.
4. Nama saja Pejabat Tanah Melayu control, mohon tanah makan masa puluhan tahun kerana fail simpan dibawah maupun hilang. Oleh kerana terlalu ramai kecewa Melayu berperasan tidak guna mohon tanah. Tambahan "Kalau beri tanah, jual", DO kata. Siapa yang banyak menggadai tanah, tidak kerajaan negeri? Di Cameron Highlands - kaum Cina bermaharaja meratakan gunung?
Pernah saya syurkan supaya adakan lagi reserve/perkampungan Melayu di CHighlands selain daripada Taman Sedia. Sibuntu akal (Penghulu) cakap "Apa orang lain kata". Juga, disyurkan supaya tapak surau yang lebih luas disediakan di Batu 33. Sibuntu akal (ADO) "Tanah tidak ada!" Untuk agama pun tak berani inikan bangsa!
Melayu dengan tanahnya. Biarkan, biarkan.
Sunday, December 19, 2010
The United States: dec 17 2010
By al-Din on December 18, 2010 10:25 PM
The Yankee bloodbath started when they gun-slinged the Red Indians, the indigenous people. It was genocide. Thousands of bisons were gunned down to deprive the Indians their source of meat and hide for clothing.
It was beyond humanity when Africans were pirated and cruelly enslaved into the South. Many of them were Muslims. It was their first bloodletting of Muslims. By the turn of events, now they have a descendent of Africa as their master!
Knowing Islam will rise from the West, they want to stall it by all means. The centres of former great civilisations - Iraq, Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Yemen, Afghanistan, Pakistan now Muslims must be stone aged. A defeated nation defaced of heritage cannot be proud and confident.
They can plan but Allah is the mightiest planner of all.
The Yankee bloodbath started when they gun-slinged the Red Indians, the indigenous people. It was genocide. Thousands of bisons were gunned down to deprive the Indians their source of meat and hide for clothing.
It was beyond humanity when Africans were pirated and cruelly enslaved into the South. Many of them were Muslims. It was their first bloodletting of Muslims. By the turn of events, now they have a descendent of Africa as their master!
Knowing Islam will rise from the West, they want to stall it by all means. The centres of former great civilisations - Iraq, Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Yemen, Afghanistan, Pakistan now Muslims must be stone aged. A defeated nation defaced of heritage cannot be proud and confident.
They can plan but Allah is the mightiest planner of all.
Sunday, November 7, 2010
perkasa: nov 4 2010
By al-Din on November 4, 2010 10:41 PM
Perihal Perkasa.
Saya sungguh hairan mengapa ada sebilangan politik veteran tidak memahami pendirian atau prinsip negarawan agung Tun Dr Mahathir. Pada hal mereka telah mendampingi beliau dengan dekat sebagai menteri dan sebagainya lebih daripada dua dekad. Masih lagi mereka mencurigai kesahihan beliau. Apakah maknanya ini?
1. Mereka mudah lupa terutamanya orang yang otak lemah (terlalu lama berpolitik, umur sudah lampau) tetapi berlagak pandai.
2. Ada yang naik ranggi ingin menunjuk kepandaian bila memegang jawatan tetapi ibarat tin kosong.
3. Ada pengaruh luar yang menekan mereka supaya berputar belit ia-itu ikut telunjuk.
4. Ada agenda tersendiri atau kepentingan peribadi seperti untuk mengekalkan kedudukan yang tergugat.
5. Pengecut dan tidak pitah dengan fakta bila ditentang oleh parti lawan atau pihak2 tertentu. Dulu kononnya berkobar-kobar.
6. Mereka mesti berundur dari memegang jawatan dalam politik dan pemerintahan sebelum PRU13.
7. Rakyat kenal sangat siapa mereka yang bermuka tebal. Masihkah PM memberi kekebalan? Muliakan mereka, persetankan generasi akan datang?
Perihal Perkasa.
Saya sungguh hairan mengapa ada sebilangan politik veteran tidak memahami pendirian atau prinsip negarawan agung Tun Dr Mahathir. Pada hal mereka telah mendampingi beliau dengan dekat sebagai menteri dan sebagainya lebih daripada dua dekad. Masih lagi mereka mencurigai kesahihan beliau. Apakah maknanya ini?
1. Mereka mudah lupa terutamanya orang yang otak lemah (terlalu lama berpolitik, umur sudah lampau) tetapi berlagak pandai.
2. Ada yang naik ranggi ingin menunjuk kepandaian bila memegang jawatan tetapi ibarat tin kosong.
3. Ada pengaruh luar yang menekan mereka supaya berputar belit ia-itu ikut telunjuk.
4. Ada agenda tersendiri atau kepentingan peribadi seperti untuk mengekalkan kedudukan yang tergugat.
5. Pengecut dan tidak pitah dengan fakta bila ditentang oleh parti lawan atau pihak2 tertentu. Dulu kononnya berkobar-kobar.
6. Mereka mesti berundur dari memegang jawatan dalam politik dan pemerintahan sebelum PRU13.
7. Rakyat kenal sangat siapa mereka yang bermuka tebal. Masihkah PM memberi kekebalan? Muliakan mereka, persetankan generasi akan datang?
Monday, August 16, 2010
Israel nuclear bomb: Aug 12 2010
By al-Din on August 15, 2010 7:25 PM
The rogue state Israel is using nuclear arsenal as a deterrent and to intimidate Middle East countries. It wouldn't nuke its neighbours because the radiation fallout from the nuclear explosion will destroy Israel also. Only as a last desperate measure Israel may use it to bring everyone to oblivion.
The atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki on August 9, 1945 weighed about 10,000lbs and contained 15 lbs of Plutonium-239. The energy released was equivalent to 20,000 tons (20KT), of TNT, which corresponds to 1.3KT/lb of Pu-239. It wiped out 40% of the city and killed about 35,000 people.
The destructive effects of such bomb size include:
1. Ground burst crater
Diameter 600ft
Depth 40ft
2. Blast destruction of buildings, radius (miles)
Brick-ground burst 0.9
Brick-air burst 1.2
Woood-ground burst 1.5
Wood-air burst 2.0
3. Fire, radius (miles)
Destroys everything combustible 0.7
People received 2nd degree burns 2.1
4. Initial gamma radiation of 500R, radius (miles) 0.8
After more than 60 years, the US attended the annual remembrance day at Hiroshima recently.
Knowledge is power and can be evil depending on who and how we use it.
The rogue state Israel is using nuclear arsenal as a deterrent and to intimidate Middle East countries. It wouldn't nuke its neighbours because the radiation fallout from the nuclear explosion will destroy Israel also. Only as a last desperate measure Israel may use it to bring everyone to oblivion.
The atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki on August 9, 1945 weighed about 10,000lbs and contained 15 lbs of Plutonium-239. The energy released was equivalent to 20,000 tons (20KT), of TNT, which corresponds to 1.3KT/lb of Pu-239. It wiped out 40% of the city and killed about 35,000 people.
The destructive effects of such bomb size include:
1. Ground burst crater
Diameter 600ft
Depth 40ft
2. Blast destruction of buildings, radius (miles)
Brick-ground burst 0.9
Brick-air burst 1.2
Woood-ground burst 1.5
Wood-air burst 2.0
3. Fire, radius (miles)
Destroys everything combustible 0.7
People received 2nd degree burns 2.1
4. Initial gamma radiation of 500R, radius (miles) 0.8
After more than 60 years, the US attended the annual remembrance day at Hiroshima recently.
Knowledge is power and can be evil depending on who and how we use it.
Israel nuclear bomb: Aug 12 2010
By al-Din on August 14, 2010 7:36 PM
It is no denying that the rogue state has the nuclear bombs. It If it was ready to export them to South Africa in 1975 then surely they have them at a much earlier date. Israel was treating such bombs simply as a commercial item without due concern for world safety. This adds to the macabre of nuclear proliferation which is what the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty trying to control and which Israel refuse to sign.
Their scientists and compatriots (in the US and elsewhere) have full command of the nuclear technology. Einstein, a German Jew in 1905 came up with the theory of relativity, interconversion of matter and energy, E=mc2. Since then, physicists in Europe were experimenting to release the 'frozen energy' indicated in the formula. Einstein fled to the US in 1934.
In 1932, Chadwick, a British physicist discovered neutron, a new atomic particle with no electric charge. In 1937, Ferni, an Italian physicist using neutrons experimented bombarding Uranium-235 but it was 2 years later that Lise Meitner, an Austro- Jewish refugee from Hitler and Otto Frisch provided the correct explanation of the outcome.
The U-235 nucleus, absorbing the neutron, splitted into two fragments ie. fissioned. In the course such event, more neutrons are emitted. Another refugee from the Nazis, Hungarian physicist suggested that a chain of such reactions can be sustained.
By the summer of 1939, German physicist Werner Heisenberg commented there were 12 people who have collective knowledge how to assemble an atomic bomb. By 1941, the race for an atomic bomb was going neck-to-neck between the US and Germany. By summer of 1945, by all accounts Germany had lost the race mainly because many of its top nuclear physicists had fled to former.
On July 16, 1945, the first atomic bomb, code-named Trinity, was exploded at Alamogordo, New Mexico. The Manhattan Project, headed by Robert Oppenheimer took 3 years to make it happen. He was stunned by the sheer magnitude of the blast and 'I am become death, shatterer of worlds', a passage from a Hindu scripture came across his mind.
It is no denying that the rogue state has the nuclear bombs. It If it was ready to export them to South Africa in 1975 then surely they have them at a much earlier date. Israel was treating such bombs simply as a commercial item without due concern for world safety. This adds to the macabre of nuclear proliferation which is what the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty trying to control and which Israel refuse to sign.
Their scientists and compatriots (in the US and elsewhere) have full command of the nuclear technology. Einstein, a German Jew in 1905 came up with the theory of relativity, interconversion of matter and energy, E=mc2. Since then, physicists in Europe were experimenting to release the 'frozen energy' indicated in the formula. Einstein fled to the US in 1934.
In 1932, Chadwick, a British physicist discovered neutron, a new atomic particle with no electric charge. In 1937, Ferni, an Italian physicist using neutrons experimented bombarding Uranium-235 but it was 2 years later that Lise Meitner, an Austro- Jewish refugee from Hitler and Otto Frisch provided the correct explanation of the outcome.
The U-235 nucleus, absorbing the neutron, splitted into two fragments ie. fissioned. In the course such event, more neutrons are emitted. Another refugee from the Nazis, Hungarian physicist suggested that a chain of such reactions can be sustained.
By the summer of 1939, German physicist Werner Heisenberg commented there were 12 people who have collective knowledge how to assemble an atomic bomb. By 1941, the race for an atomic bomb was going neck-to-neck between the US and Germany. By summer of 1945, by all accounts Germany had lost the race mainly because many of its top nuclear physicists had fled to former.
On July 16, 1945, the first atomic bomb, code-named Trinity, was exploded at Alamogordo, New Mexico. The Manhattan Project, headed by Robert Oppenheimer took 3 years to make it happen. He was stunned by the sheer magnitude of the blast and 'I am become death, shatterer of worlds', a passage from a Hindu scripture came across his mind.
Wednesday, April 14, 2010
Albania: Apr 12 2010
By al-Din on April 13, 2010 8:36 PM
Historiography of 500 years of Ottoman rule (pod igoto) in the volatile Balkans (a Turkish word for mountains) wrt Albania:
1354 - Ottoman Turks establish themselves on European soil at Gallipoli
1371 - Ottomans defeat the Serbs on the River Maritsa
1389 - Turks defeat the Serbian Tsar Lazar, head of a Balkan coalition at Kosovo. Serbia becomes a vassal state of Ottoman Empire
1393 - Bulgrian kingdom comes under Ottoman rule
1453 - Turks capture Constantinople
1463 - Slavic kingdom of Bosnia falls to the Turks
1468 - Albania falls to the Ottomans
1500-1566 - the Ottoman Empire attains its height; almost the entire Balkan peninsula is now under its domain
1683 - Turks march on Vienna and are routed
1684-99 - Europen powers defeat the Turks in the War of the Holy League. The Ottomans lose many of their Balkan holdings
1774 - Russia defeats the Turks
1799 - Montenegro succeeds in gaining Turkish recognition of its independence
1804-1813 - Serbs unsuccessfully revolt against the Turks
1829 - Russia defeats Turkey again
1856 - the European powers and Turkey defeat Russia in the Crimean War
1875-78 - insurrection against the Turks throughout the Balkans and with the help of Russia defeat the Turks. Serbia and Romania gain independence, Bulgarians wins autonomy. Austria-Hungary is awarded Bosnia and Herzegovina
1912-1913 - First Balkan War. The Balkan League - Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece and Montenegro, declares war on Turkey and further reduces its European territory.
Albanians revolt against the Turks and proclaim independence.
1914 - Archduke Franz-Ferdinand is assassinated in Sarajevo, Bosnia, an Austrian province at that time.
Start of WWI
1918 - the United Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and the Slovenes, later called Yugoslavia is formally proclaimed
1928 - Ahmed Bey Zogu, from Premier becomes King Zog I of Albania
1939 - Mussolini Italy occupies Albania. King Zog is forced into exile
1939-44 - WW2. Bulgaria and Romania join the Axis power.
1944-46 - Romania and Bulgaria are occupied by Soviet troops. Communist-dominated governments in Yugoslavia and Albania are recognized by the West.
1948 - Albania breaks from Yugoslavia tutelege and becomes Russia's satellite
1961 - Albania breaks with the Soviets
{Edmund Stillman et al (eds). 1966. The Balkans. Life World Library, Time-Life International, Nederland}
Historiography of 500 years of Ottoman rule (pod igoto) in the volatile Balkans (a Turkish word for mountains) wrt Albania:
1354 - Ottoman Turks establish themselves on European soil at Gallipoli
1371 - Ottomans defeat the Serbs on the River Maritsa
1389 - Turks defeat the Serbian Tsar Lazar, head of a Balkan coalition at Kosovo. Serbia becomes a vassal state of Ottoman Empire
1393 - Bulgrian kingdom comes under Ottoman rule
1453 - Turks capture Constantinople
1463 - Slavic kingdom of Bosnia falls to the Turks
1468 - Albania falls to the Ottomans
1500-1566 - the Ottoman Empire attains its height; almost the entire Balkan peninsula is now under its domain
1683 - Turks march on Vienna and are routed
1684-99 - Europen powers defeat the Turks in the War of the Holy League. The Ottomans lose many of their Balkan holdings
1774 - Russia defeats the Turks
1799 - Montenegro succeeds in gaining Turkish recognition of its independence
1804-1813 - Serbs unsuccessfully revolt against the Turks
1829 - Russia defeats Turkey again
1856 - the European powers and Turkey defeat Russia in the Crimean War
1875-78 - insurrection against the Turks throughout the Balkans and with the help of Russia defeat the Turks. Serbia and Romania gain independence, Bulgarians wins autonomy. Austria-Hungary is awarded Bosnia and Herzegovina
1912-1913 - First Balkan War. The Balkan League - Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece and Montenegro, declares war on Turkey and further reduces its European territory.
Albanians revolt against the Turks and proclaim independence.
1914 - Archduke Franz-Ferdinand is assassinated in Sarajevo, Bosnia, an Austrian province at that time.
Start of WWI
1918 - the United Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and the Slovenes, later called Yugoslavia is formally proclaimed
1928 - Ahmed Bey Zogu, from Premier becomes King Zog I of Albania
1939 - Mussolini Italy occupies Albania. King Zog is forced into exile
1939-44 - WW2. Bulgaria and Romania join the Axis power.
1944-46 - Romania and Bulgaria are occupied by Soviet troops. Communist-dominated governments in Yugoslavia and Albania are recognized by the West.
1948 - Albania breaks from Yugoslavia tutelege and becomes Russia's satellite
1961 - Albania breaks with the Soviets
{Edmund Stillman et al (eds). 1966. The Balkans. Life World Library, Time-Life International, Nederland}
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