THE GUILLOTINE

Hardliners in charge of the new secular gomen led France to war against a coalition of Austria, Prussia and French émigrés in April 1792.

Austria is the country of birth of Marie Antoinette, France’s unpopular and extravagant queen consort. In fact, Marie Antoinette – a Habsburg archduchess in her own right – was sister to Leopold II, the Holy Roman Emperor.

Her husband the French king Louis XVI had refused to contemplate a civil war and was overthrown on 10 Aug 1792. On orders from the National Convention in January of the following year, the king’s head was chopped off.

A few months later on 14 Oct 1793, Marie Antoinette too surrendered her head to the guillotine‘s glinting blade in the centre of the public square.

(adapted after Helen Ang)

BATAVIA - CITY AND PORT

RENAMED - TELOK MA' HITAM TO TELOK ANSON, 1882

Council Minutes, Perak

15th March 1882

Present:

Regent 

Resident (Hugh Low)

Raja Dris

Temenggong

Kadzi

Dato' Raja Mahkota

10. At the suggestion of the Resident the Regent in Council directs that the new Settlement  at Telok Ma' Hitam is to be known as 'Telok Anson', in compliment to General Anson, who drew the first plan of the town and took great interest in its removal from Durian Sebatang. The name Telok Ma' Hitam has also been found inconveniently long.

MALAYAN NEOLITHIC AND HOABINHIAN - CERAMIC TRADITION

130 YEARS WARS OF ACHEH

The Aceh state has fought six wars in 132 years from 1873 to 2005. The wars are:

a)  Aceh Anti-Colonial War ( 1873 – 1880 )

b) Second World War ( 1942 – 1945 )

c) Cumbok Civil War ( 1946 – 1947 )

d) Anti-Colonial War of Independence ( 1945 – 1949 )

e) DI – TII Religious Civil War ( 1953 – 1963 )

f) GAM – RI War for Independence ( 1976 -2005 )

Teungku Chik Di Tiro, a great Acehnese leader was killed in 1875 in the first Anti-Colonial war after the Acehnese killed the tyrannical Dutch General Kohler in 1873.

Teungku Muhammad Daud Beureu-Eh was the leader who fought and won in the subsequent 4 wars with son, Teungku Hasballah Daud as one of the eight commandants in one of the wars.

Teungku Hasan Di Tiro led the last war which ended in the Helsinki peace treaty in 2005.

(extracted from Sanusi Junid's blog, Feb 10, 2018)

MORO ANTI-AMERICAN MILITARISM

The crusaders to pay for the killing fields BY US, 1900-1941:

Lanao

1. Tunggul Attack, 1902, Datu Tunggul Binidayan Sultan - leaders killed.

2. Maciu Resistance, 1902, Sultan Ganduli, Tanagan - leaders, 150-200 Muslims killed.

3. Taraca Defiance, 1903-09, Ampuanagus - leader surrendered, 290 Muslims killed, 13 wounded, 52 captured.

Sulu

1. Lirut Incident, 1901, Panglima Hassan - leader surrendered, no data.

2. Taglibi Encounter, 1903, Maharajah Andung - leader, 74 Muslims killed.

Cotabato

1. Ali Rebellion, 1903-04, Datu Ali, leader, sons, datus, several Muslims killed.

2. Alamanda Resistance, 1913. Datu Alamanda - leader surrendered, no data.

PULAU LESBOS - LESBIAN

(arrahmah.com)

 Pulau Lesbos saat ini merupakan sebuah pulau di Yunani yang terletak di Laut Aegea. Pulau ini terletak 320 km dari pantai barat Yunani. Pada tahun 2001, pulau ini memiliki jumlah penduduk 90.643 jiwa dan memiliki luas wilayah 1.632 km².

Istilah “lesbian” yang mendunia berasal dari pulau Lesbos ini. Itu bermula dari kisah dewi dan penyair dari mitologi Yunani, Sappho. Kata “lesbian” diambil dari kata Lesbos, tempat kelahiran penyair Sappho. Ia banyak menulis syair-syair cinta terhadap sesama perempuan pada abad ketujuh sebelum Masehi. Kata-katanya yang penuh luapan emosi dinyanyikan, dengan iringan kecapi. Di zaman Yunani purba sangatlah jarang seorang perempuan menulis puisi. Lebih jarang lagi seorang perempuan menulis puisi, apalagi mengungkapkan perasaan terhadap sesama perempuan. Konon, Shappo, kala itu, dipuji-puji oleh pemikir Yunani seperti Plato yang menyebutnya ‘dewi kesenian kesepuluh’. Dari cerita ini, tiba-tiba Shappo diyakini sebagai cikal-bakal lahirnya kelainan seksual dan penyuka sesama jenis. Munculnya istilah “lesbian” tak lain mengambil nama tempat di mana Shappo lahir dan tinggal, yakni Pulau Lesbos. Sejak itu hingga kini, Pulau Lesbos menjadi semacam menjadi tempat ziarah bagi kaum perempuan menyimpang penganut sesama jenis, lesbian.